This is a process of grouping data into _ of numbers. classes, intervals To create (relative) frequency distributions for Type 2 data, we need to create artificial categories, called _. Each equLal _, and the rectangles touch each other. center, spread, shape A visual representation of the distribution will help us start to discover the nature of three critical summary characteristics: histograms, dot plots, stem and leaf displays, box plots The four graphical displays of quantitative data we will discuss are Histogram, width A _ is the graphical display of (relative) frequency distributions for ! data using rectangular bars. Distribution The _ of a quantitative variable is the overall pattern of how often the Statistics is the process of using visual, numerical, and tabular displays to unscramble the data and discover the message behind it. bar graph, pie chart two types of qualitative visual representations of frequency distribution two way table Descriptive statistics can be performed on this type of data by the creation of a "crosstab" or raw When we have a _ data set, it is like the scrambled phrase. relative frequency distribution lists each of the categories of the qualitative variable with their relative frequencies. relative frequency is the proportion (or percent) of observations that belong to each category, and is found by dividing the frequency by the total sample (or population) size. frequency distribution lists each category of data and the number of times eachĬategory occurs. observational study If an _ _ is being conducted, the researcher cannot assume causation, only correlation. designed experiment A researcher is conducting a _ _when he assigns the participating individuals to a specific group, intentionally changes the value of the explanatory variable, and then records the corresponding value of the response variable. observational study When values of a response variable are recorded for individuals in a study, with no attempt or ability to control the levels of the explanatory variable, an _ _ is being conducted. Explanatory, Response In research, we wish to determine how varying the amount of an _variable affects the value of a _variable. continuous a quantitative variable that has an infinite number of possible values it can take on and can be measured to any desired level of accuracy. The term "countable" means the values result from counting such as 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on. discrete a quantitative variable that has either a finite number of possible values or a countable number of possible values. Also called measurement or numerical variables. Arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction can be performed on the values of the quantitative variable and provide meaningful results. Quantitative provide numerical measures of individuals. ordinal level of measurement if it names, labels or categorizes in a way that allows for the values of the variable to be arranged in a ranked, or specific, order. Qualitative (Categorical variables) allow for classification of individuals based on some attribute or characteristic. The average temperature for that group is 98.2 degrees Fahrenheit Inferential Statistics uses methods that take results from a sample (consisting of n observations), extends them to the population (consisting of N observations), and measures the reliability of the result. $10 bill with a portrait of Ronald Reagan statistic To estimate average normal body temperature of all adults, a doctor measures the temperatures of 100 healthy adults. Statistic In an ABC News poll completed in June 2004, 36% of n=500 persons surveyed said that they supported replacing the portrait of Alexander Hamilton on the U.S.
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